Dear Reader,

Just to spoil you a little: here we are with our next issue of the South African SHAREWARE Magazine. This issue's shareware reviews focus solely on WINDOWS applications shareware; although many of use have now loaded MS-Windows, applications are still expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain. Here is `shareware to the rescue'!

In addition, you will again find many interesting articles. Most of us have converted to MS-DOS version 5 but still do not make optimal use of its memory-management features - read our "UMB" article (before DOS 6 hits the retail shops). The `Essence of Programming' is our regular viewpoint/opinion article, intended to make you think about an IT-related issue. Creative Computing for College pokes some friendly (?) fun at computing at varsity - it will undoubtedly recall fond memories for many of us! The remaining articles are general interest (von Neuman) or intended for relative novices.

With the Magazine finished and a 2 Oceans silver in the pocket, I think I have deserved a week's rest. Enjoy the reading!

Jean-Paul Van Belle

From the Editor's Desk 1

How Do I Optimize My Use

of Upper Memory Blocks 2

The Essence of Programming 8

Creative Computing for College 11

Tips for Preventative Maintenance 14

How von Neuman Showed the Way 15

Magic With Sub-directories in DOS 22

The SHARE Command Explained 25

New WINDOWS Shareware 27

by MicroSoft Corporation

You have set up your computer to load programs or device drivers into upper memory blocks (UMBs). Now you want to make sure you are making optimal use of those UMBs, so you can run as many programs in the upper memory area as possible.

This document provides techniques for making the best use of your computer's upper memory area. To use these techniques, you should be familiar with the information on pages 313-330 of the "Microsoft MS- DOS User's Guide and Reference," which explains how to load programs into UMBs. In particular, pages 327 and 329 provide some basic information about optimizing your use of UMBs.

This document explains the following optimization techniques:

- Starting EMM386 with the NOEMS switch instead of the RAM switch

- Finding the best order for loading drivers and programs into UMBs

- Adjusting EMM386 to provide more UMBs

1. Start EMM386 with a noems switch instead of a ram switch

If you do not use programs that require expanded memory (EMS), start EMM386 with the NOEMS switch. Doing so can give you an additional 64K of UMBs, because the NOEMS switch instructs EMM386 not to create an EMS page frame in the upper memory area. If you start EMM386 with the NOEMS switch, programs will be unable to use expanded memory, even when they are running with Windows.

To start EMM386 with the NOEMS switch:

1. Edit your CONFIG.SYS file. To edit the file using MS-DOS Editor, type the following at the command prompt:

edit c:\config.sys

2. Find the DEVICE command that starts EMM386. If the DEVICE command contains the RAM switch, change it so it contains the NOEMS switch instead. The DEVICE command for EMM386 should now look like the following:

device=c:\dos\emm386.exe noems

3. Save the changes (if any) to your CONFIG.SYS file and quit the text editor. If you are using MS-DOS Editor, choose Exit from the File menu. When MS-DOS Editor displays a dialog box prompting you to save your file, choose Yes, or press ENTER.

4. Restart your system by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE.

After you complete this procedure, some programs might display out-of- memory messages or fail to run. Such programs might require expanded memory. If this is the case, replace the NOEMS switch with the RAM switch to make expanded memory available again.

2.Find the best order for loading drivers & programs in UMBs

When you start a program using the DEVICEHIGH or LOADHIGH commands, MS-DOS loads that program into the largest remaining UMB, even if it would fit into a smaller UMB. Because of this, the order in which you load programs into UMBs is important when trying to optimize your use of the upper memory area. You will need to experiment to find the best order for your system.

2.1 Creating a Startup Disk

Before you start optimizing, create a startup floppy disk that contains a backup copy of your CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT files. To do so, insert a formatted floppy disk into drive A and type the following commands:

sys c: a:

copy c:\config.sys a:\

copy c:\autoexec.bat a:\

Having this startup disk will enable you to experiment more freely; if you change your CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT file, and your computer locks up when you restart it, just insert the backup disk in drive A and press CTRL+ALT+DELETE.

2.2 Finding the Best Load Order

When loading programs high, MS-DOS loads each program into the largest remaining UMB, even if it would fit into a smaller UMB. Therefore, the order in which you load programs into UMBs is important. In general, when loading programs into the upper memory area, load larger programs before smaller ones. However, this simple load-the-biggest- first method might not always be the most efficient. Sometimes, you might have to juggle the load order to get the most out of the upper memory area.

For example, suppose you want to load the following three programs into UMBs:

PROGRAM1.EXE 2K

PROGRAM2.EXE 2K

PROGRAM3.EXE 3K

Suppose you have two UMBs available; one is 4K in size; the other is 3K in size. (You can find out the sizes of individual UMBs by issuing the MEM /P command. For more information, see page 519 of the "Microsoft MS-DOS User's Guide and Reference.")

As you can see, PROGRAM3.EXE is the largest, at 3K. If you load PROGRAM3 first, MS-DOS puts it into the largest UMB (4K). Since PROGRAM3 doesn't use the entire 4K of space in that UMB, an additional kilobyte of memory is left unused. The next program, PROGRAM1 (2K), fits into the 3K UMB, again leaving an unused kilobyte of memory. However, PROGRAM2 also needs 2K of contiguous space, and will not fit into either of the 1K UMBs that remain. This is an example of when it's not as efficient to load the largest program first.

A more efficient method would be to load PROGRAM1 (2K), then PROGRAM3 (3K), and then PROGRAM2 (2K). Then, all three programs would fit into UMBs. MS-DOS would load PROGRAM1 into the 4K UMB, leaving 2K of space. PROGRAM3 would then fit into the next largest UMB (3K), and PROGRAM2 would fit into the 2K remaining.

2.3 Figuring Out a Program's Memory Requirements

A program's memory requirements determine what size UMB it needs. Unfortunately, it can sometimes be difficult to figure out what size UMB a particular program needs, since this depends on how and when the program allocates memory. In general, programs fall into one of two groups:

- Most programs need a UMB that is at least as large as the program's size while it is running.

To find out this size, issue the MEM /C command while the program is running. In most cases, if there is a UMB of that size available, the program should fit into that UMB.

- Some programs need a UMB that is at least as large as the program's file size.

Such programs use a lot of memory during startup and require less memory once they are running. Such a program initially needs a large UMB; but, after it has started, the program relinquishes some memory that can then be used to load the next program.

2.4 Juggling the Load Order Between CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT.

Most device drivers are loaded from your CONFIG.SYS file, and most memory-resident programs from your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. MS-DOS processes your CONFIG.SYS file first, and then executes the commands in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file. This limits your ability to manipulate the load order of your device drivers and programs, since the device drivers in your CONFIG.SYS file will always load before the programs in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.

The following tips can help you balance the use of UMBs between device drivers and memory-resident programs:

- In your CONFIG.SYS file, start only the largest device drivers using the DEVICEHIGH command. If you use device drivers that are smaller than the largest memory-resident programs that load from your AUTOEXEC.BAT file, start those drivers using the DEVICE command. (Use the DEVICE command to load HIMEM.SYS and EMM386.EXE, since you cannot run these drivers in UMBs.)

- In your AUTOEXEC.BAT file, start your largest memory-resident programs using the LOADHIGH command.

- If your mouse comes with both a MOUSE.SYS and MOUSE.COM file, you can start your mouse driver from either your CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT file. This way, you can load the mouse driver at any point in the startup process (as long as you load it after HIMEM.SYS and EMM386.EXE).

- To load the mouse driver into UMBs from your CONFIG.SYS file, use the DEVICEHIGH command to load the MOUSE.SYS file.

- To load the mouse driver into UMBs from your AUTOEXEC.BAT file, use the LOADHIGH command to load the MOUSE.COM file.

3. ADJUSTING EMM386 TO PROVIDE MORE UMBS

You can adjust EMM386 to allocate additional space in the upper memory area. (This is particularly useful if you have to start EMM386 with the RAM switch to make expanded memory available to programs.) First, carry out the steps in Procedure 1. After carrying out Procedure 1, if you still cannot load programs and device drivers into UMBs, carry out the steps in Procedure 2.

Procedure 1: Include specific portions of Upper Memory Area

Certain addresses in the upper memory area are normally reserved for use by hardware and video drivers; EMM386 does not usually make these areas available as UMBs. However, on many systems, the hardware and video drivers do not use all the reserved memory addresses. The remaining addresses can be included by EMM386 for use as UMBs. To instruct EMM386 to include these unused areas, you use the I switch after the DEVICE command that starts EMM386.

To allocate additional space in the upper memory area for use as UMBs, follow these steps:

1. Create an MS-DOS startup disk. To do so, insert a formatted floppy disk in drive A and type the following:

sys c: a:

2. Copy your CONFIG.SYS file to the startup disk by typing the following:

copy c:\config.sys a:\

3. Edit your original CONFIG.SYS file. To edit the file using MS-DOS Editor, type the following at the command prompt:

edit c:\config.sys

4. Locate the DEVICE command for EMM386.EXE, and insert the I switch in front of the RAM or NOEMS switch. The I switch specifies a range of addresses in the upper memory area, and tells EMM386 to allocate that memory for use as UMBs. The value you specify for the I switch will depend on your computer and monitor type.

- If your computer is not an IBM PS/2 and does not have a monochrome monitor, add the i=E000-EFFF and the i=B000-B7FF switches before the RAM or NOEMS switch, as follows:

device=c:\dos\emm386.exe i=E000-EFFF i=B000-B7FF ram

- If your computer is not a PS/2 and has a monochrome monitor, add the i=E000-EFFF switch before the RAM or NOEMS switch, as follows:

device=c:\dos\emm386.exe i=E000-EFFF ram

- If your computer is an IBM PS/2 and does not have a monochrome monitor, add the i=B000-B7FF switch before the RAM or NOEMS switch, as follows:

device=c:\dos\emm386.exe i=B000-B7FF ram

- If your computer is an IBM PS/2 with a monochrome monitor, see Procedure 2.

5. If you're using MS-DOS Editor, choose Exit from the File menu. When MS-DOS Editor displays a dialog box prompting you to save your file, choose Yes, or press ENTER.

6. Restart your computer by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE.

If your computer fails when you start it, the memory range you specified for EMM386 is probably being used by hardware or video display drivers. In that case, insert your startup disk in drive A and restart your computer. Then, edit your CONFIG.SYS and remove the I switch(es) you added to the DEVICE command for EMM386. Contact Microsoft Support Services for further assistance.

7. After your computer starts, check whether your programs loaded into UMBs successfully. To do so, type the following at the command prompt:

mem /c |more

This command displays the contents of your computer's conventional and upper memory, and shows where in memory each program is running. (For more information about the MEM /C command and UMBs, see page 320 of the "Microsoft MS-DOS User's Guide and Reference.")

Procedure 2: Reduce space set aside for Expanded Memory

Starting EMM386 with the RAM switch makes fewer upper memory blocks (UMBs) available than starting it with the NOEMS switch. If programs or device drivers do not load into UMBs when your computer starts, there might not be enough UMBs to run those programs. This is because using the RAM switch sets aside 64K of the upper memory area for use with expanded memory. The remaining UMBs might not be large enough to run your programs, even if you were able to include additional addresses by following Procedure 2.

You can instruct EMM386 to set aside 16K of the upper memory area, rather than 64K, for use with expanded memory. This makes more UMBs available, but programs that use expanded memory might run less efficiently. Follow these steps:

1. Exit from Windows, and type the following at the command prompt:

emm386

EMM386 displays information about its current memory-management activities. Locate the line that reads "Page frame segment" and write down the hexadecimal address on that line. In the following example, the page frame segment is E000.

Page frame segment . . . . . . . . . E000 F

2. Edit your original CONFIG.SYS file. To edit the file using MS-DOS Editor, type the following at the command prompt:

edit c:\config.sys

3. Locate the DEVICE command for EMM386.EXE, and insert the P0 switch before the RAM switch. The P0 switch should specify the address you obtained from EMM386 in Step 1. For example, if the page frame segment was E000, the DEVICE command might appear as follows:

device=c:\dos\emm386.exe i=E000-EFFF p0=E000 ram

4. If you're using MS-DOS Editor, choose Exit from the File menu. When MS-DOS Editor displays a dialog box prompting you to save your file, choose Yes, or press ENTER.

5. Restart your computer by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE.

If your computer fails when you start it, insert your startup disk in drive A and restart your computer. Then, edit your CONFIG.SYS file and remove the P0 switch you added to the DEVICE command for EMM386. Then, save the file, restart your computer, and repeat Procedure 2; be sure to check the page frame address carefully.

6. After your computer starts, check whether your programs were loaded into UMBs successfully. To do so, type the following at the command prompt:

mem /c |more

This command displays the contents of your computer's conventional and upper memory, and shows where in memory each program is running.

4. RELATED INFORMATION

See the following pages in the "Microsoft MS-DOS User's Guide and Reference" for additional information:

- How to set up your programs to run in upper memory pp.313-326.

- Tips for troubleshooting programs in the upper memory area, page 327.

- Information about the DEVICEHIGH command, page 435

- Information about the LOADHIGH command, page 518

- Information about the MEM command, page 519

- Information about EMM386.EXE startup parameters, page 605

- Information about HIMEM.SYS startup parameters, page 610

by The Dark Adept

What exactly is a computer program? Why do people wish to copyright it? Why do people wish to patent its effects? Why do programmers enjoy programming?

A lot of these questions cannot be answered in a straightforward manner. Most people would give you a different answer for each, but there is an indirect answer: the essence of programming.

[...] I am no sociologist, but it is apparent to me that every culture has some form of artistic expression. Cyberspace is no different. Beneath every piece of E-mail, beneath every USENET post, beneath every word typed into a word processor is an underlying piece of art hidden from the user's eyes: the computer program.

"A computer program is art? Is this guy nuts?" Well, yes and no in that order ;) Art has many different definitions, but a few things are apparent about true art. True art is an extension of the artist. It is his view of the world around him. It contributes to his world, not only aesthetically, but by influencing people. This is true whether the art form is music, sculpture, photography, dance, etc. True art is also created. It fulfills the artist's need to create. It is no less his creation and part of him than his own child.

The source code for a computer program is art pure and simple. Whether it is written by one programmer or many. Each programmer takes his view of the world the art will exist in (the core memory of the computer and the other programs around it), and shapes the program according to that view. No two programmers program exactly alike just as no two authors will use the same exact sentence to describe the same thing.

And the computer program will influence people. Aesthetic value may come from either video games, fractal generators, or even a hot new GUI (graphical user interface -- like MS-Windows(tm)). But it does more than this. It changes how people work, how people think. The typist of the 1920's most certainly would look upon his work much differently than the word processing secretary of the 1990's would look upon his. No longer is the concern restricted to "should I single- or double-space," but also to "what font should I use? What size?"

Furthermore a computer program is interactive art. Once the program is written and executed, people interact with it. Other machines interact with it. Other programs interact with it. In fact, it is not only interactive art, but *living* art. It reaches its fullest not when looked at and appreciated, but put to use and appreciated. It is not created to sit in the corner and be enjoyed, but also to be interacted with and brought to life.

And just as the literary world had artists whose influence upon society was negative instead of positive, their works are also art. Hitler, Manson, Machiavelli, etc. all wrote great works whose influence tore apart society and crippled it. However, even though their work caused evil, it is nonetheless a form of art. _Mein Kampf_ caused more deaths in this world than almost any other publication. For one piece of printed text to have this great of an effect on society, the soul of the writer must be within those words. In another vein, think of the Bible. Wars have been fought over it, miracles have happened because of it, people have laughed and cried over it. The reason is that the soul of the reader is stirred by the authors' souls who are in the work itself. In any case, even thought _Mein Kampf_ caused much evil, no one can deny that it was a powerful work full of Hitler's soul, and deserves study and thought.

The negative art of the programming world would most certainly be viruses and worms. Whether the author follows from Hitler and is bent on the destruction of all unlike him, or is more of a scientist trying to create life that is autonomous from the creator and it gets out of hand like Dr. Frankenstein's, they are still great works. The miniscule amount of "words" in a virus program can cause a greater effect on people than the millions of "words" used to create DOS. There is an elegant evil to them like there is to Machiavelli's _The Prince_ which deserves study and thought.

To ban viruses, to ban worms is to ban the free expression and the free thought of the artist. Yes, they should be stopped, but so should the genocide proscribed in _Mein Kampf_. However, neither the writing of _Mein Kampf_ nor the writing of viruses should be disallowed and neither should their reading be restricted since if nothing else both serve as a warning of what could happen if a brilliant madman bent on killing and destruction is given an opportunity to fulfill those psychotic fantasies.

For those programmers out there who have dabbled in Object Oriented Programming (OOP), this relationship between art and programming should be even clearer. In OOP, each part of the program is an actor ("who struts and frets" -- thanks, Bill) whose dialogue with the other actors (objects) creates the play. Each object has his own personality and capabilities, and, sadly enough, tragic flaws as well.

Now as for copyrighting and patenting and other such topics, I give you this to think about. Who is the truer author of a great work: Jackie Collins or Edgar Allen Poe? Why would each copyright? One would copyright to protect their income, the other to protect their child borne of their artistic expression. Computer programs should be allowed protection in various forms, but to protect the inspiration and expression within and not the dollar value generated by them. To do so cheapens them and turns them into nothing more than trash romance novels. Both may serve their purpose and be useful, but only one is a great work -- the intent of the author comes from his soul as well as his work, and only those of the purest origins will be great while the others may only be useful.

Like many artists, the programmer pours his blood and sweat, his heart and soul into his work. It is his child, a creation from his brow and hand, and he loves it as such.

The essence of programming is the essence of the artist within the programmer. To cheapen it by calling it a "product" is like calling the "Mona Lisa" a product. Sure a price value can be placed on the Mona Lisa, but the value stems from the affect that Leo's paint has upon the observer, and not a sum cost of materials and labor so that a profit of an acceptable margin is met and maintained.

Those who aren't programmers may not understand what I am talking about, and there are programmers out there who may not understand what I am talking about. However a select few may understand what I am saying, and they are the true programmers and the true artists of Cyberspace. Within them is the essence of the programmer and within their source code is the essence of programming: their souls.

<drkadpt@DRKTOWR.CHI.IL.US>

13 Oct 92 01:15:59

Computer Undergroud Digest 4.52

The Joint Software Exchange

73 Highway - 7975 Fish Hoek

"Shareware by the Sea"

by The Dark Adept

I thought I might share some of the wisdom I've gleaned from years of being forced to use "Academic Computing Centers". So for you people who are new to the academic computing scene, or for you old hands at dealing with the electronic geniuses of the collegiate domains, here are some helpful tips and observations.

Dealing with the System Administrator

If you need to find the system administrator, cause a major hardware crash. Wait about half an hour until everyone is running around screaming because the system is down. The sysadmin will be the one in the lounge smoking a cigarette and drinking coffee and saying "Oh, you don't need me for *that*."

In fact, look in the lounge for him at any time of day. That is where he will be.

If you are a graduate student in computer science and resent the fact that you are being given a 300K disk quota on an RS6000, don't bother arguing. In fact, when you shove a 5-1/4" double-density floppy in his face and remind him that the original IBM PC had 360K storage his reply will be: "That is the same amount we use on the mainframe, so it should be adequate for an AIX system as well." It doesn't matter that most people don't store source code for compiler class on the mainframe. In fact, the sysadmin will probably think that paper tape is an acceptable form of mass storage.

If you really want to irritate him send him this in mail:

Actually, why don't you try it? Might wake the old boy up a bit.

Dealing with the Academic Computing Services employees

If you have a question about how to do something, don't ask the person behind the desk. Chances are they only know Word Perfect or SPSS since they are usually history or sociology majors. Look for a person sitting in front of a computer crying. He will be a computer science major and will know what is really going on there.

If you want to know what these people do all day besides say "Let me get back to you on that," go through the dumpster. Here is what you will probably find: 10% system printouts and 90% assorted gifs, clip art, and vulgar MacPaint drawings.

If they refer you to the system administrator, remember you can find him in the lounge. He is the one in polyester and has the bad haircut.

How much storage space do these people get? 3megs?!?!? Yeah, clipart takes up a lot of storage.

Dealing with the equipment

Rule #1: The spacebar either always sticks or doesn't work.

Rule #2: Monochrome is "in" this year.

Rule #3: "Extensive computing facilities" means a bunch of 8086 machines with floppy drives, MDA or Hercules on a LAN.

Rule #4: Unless you want to use WordPerfect or TrueBasic, you will have to forcibly remove the English major using one of the few 386 machines. After all, why would he give up all that power he needs to type "Ode to My Toejam" with WordPerfect when your final project in CS 999 is due tomorrow?

Rule #5: A paper TTY cranking at 110 baud and a punch card reader *is* state-of-the-art. Just ask the system administrator.

Rule #6: That mysterious "computer fee" on your bill pays for the paper for the TTY and the sysadmin's coffee. Refuse to pay it and buy an abacus. You'll be better off.

Rule #7: Viruses are to college computing centers as tornadoes are to trailer parks. The phrase "disaster magnet" comes to mind.

Rule #7a: Don't stick your floppy in the slot without knowing what else has been in there first.

Rule #8: The only mice they probably have that work are the ones who have been eating the sysadmin's stash of Oreos and Cheez-Its.

Top Ten Phrases Heard in the Computing Center:

10. "I can only help you with SPSS or WordPerfect."

9. "The system administrator is in a conference right now."

8. "Viruses? I think you want the biology department...

7. "Is our system secure? I think so...all the PC's are bolted down..."

6. "Let me get back to you on that..."

5. "To delete a line, just hit CTRL-Y"

4. (With tetris on the screen) "Um, I'm busy validating the whatzit. Come back later."

3. "So that's what del *.* does!"

2. "Unix? I think you want to talk to the "Sexual Studies" department."

And the number one phrase is:

1. "Check out this new clip art!"

[...]

A good way to get a 3" thick file with the title "Security Risk" and your name on it is to ask some questions about system security. Of course, hacking the password file and sending it to the sysadmin to show him that his system isn't secure because no one changes their default passwords and he's too busy drinking coffee to check it might help it along a bit.

I wouldn't know about that, though ;)

Top Ten Ways of Getting back at them:

10. Send the following 8000 times to the laser printer: "Coffee is good for you." CTRL-L (formfeed character)

9. Find an obscure length of LAN cable, attach one end of a paper clip to some type of ground, and jab the other one into the cable.

8. Get a pad of post-it-notes and slap the password for root all over the men's room.

7. Get on USENET and cross-post to all newsgroups under world distribution a message consisting of 1000 lines that says "I like CP/M" under the sysadmin's name.

6. Delete WordPerfect and SPSS from the LAN Server.

5. Go to / and check to make sure the sysadmin has properly set all the file protections by typing "rm -r *"

4. Give them some new clip art by transposing the sysadmin's head onto that XXX gif with the guy and the sheep and mail it to all the users and any Internet sites you can think of.

3. Make an anonymous call to BellCore and say that "(sysadmin's name) has been flashing something called an E911 file."

2. Break the PostScript laser printer cartridge.

And the number one method of revenge is:

1. Put decaf in the coffee pot.

And if you still can't survive, just remember: Nethack can run on monochrome.

drkadpt@DRKTOWR.CHI.IL.US

16 Sep 92 03:04:14

Computer Underground Digest 4.60

1- Don't let liquids come in contact with your computer system. They may destroy one or more boards inside your computer by shorting out circuits. Short circuits may result in a fire or an explosion. Therefore liquids should be kept away from any electronic board.

2- It is best not to smoke inside your computer room.

3- Avoid direct sun light in the computer area as it might damage diskettes as well as raise the operating temperature of the system.

4- Keep your keyboard dust free at all times. This will insure good contact and prevent dust from accumulating on the circuit board underneath the keyboard. It is a good idea to use the special keyboard covers sold in many computer stores.

To reduce dust in the computer room you may do the following

1- Seal all the windows

2- Reduce traffic through the room

3- Use special designed covers for the computer, the monitor, the printer and keyboard.

To reduce static charges in the computer room, use anti-static mats at least under the chair. If possible, use tile floor instead of carpeting in your computer room. If static is a real danger, the use of anti-static pray in addition to anti-static mats is recommended.

Shocks and vibrations should be avoided as they may dislodge screws or even the power supply inside the computer or the monitor.

It is a good practice to inspect the ventilation outlets of your computer, monitor and printer at least once a month and remove all the dust, dirt or any other foreign particles that accumulate there.

by T.A. Heppenheimer

Scribed by Scott Fleming

Before there could be hardware or software, there had to be a vision of exactly how computers would work. A handful of brilliant mathematicians, chief among them John Von Neumann, saw the future.

Von Neumann had been following his own rules for years. He owned a photographic memory that held the complete texts of works of literature and one of the world's largest collections of off-colour limericks. Yet he would phone home to ask his wife to help him remember an appointment. A strong military supporter, he was fond of nuclear-weapons tests. He died of cancer at the age of fifty-three.

Through it all, he was one of the century's most creative and productive mathematicians, lifting his intellectual sceptre across a host of technical fields. Mostly he worked with pencil and paper, but in the years after 1945, for the first time in his life, he set himself the task of managing the design and construction of a piece of equipment. This was the Institute for Advanced Study Computer, and it set the pattern for the subsequent computers we know today.

What distinguished this IAS machine was programmability. It embodied Von Neumann's insistence that computers must not be built as glorified adding machines, with all their operations specified in advance. Rather, he declared, they should be built as general purpose logic machines, built to execute programs of wide variety. Such machines would be highly flexible, readily shifted from one task to another. They could react intelligently to the results of their calculations, could choose among alternatives, and could even play checkers or chess.

This represented something unheard of: a machine with built-in intelligence, able to operate on internal instructions. Before, even the most complex mechanisms had always been controlled from the outside, as by setting dials or knobs. Von Neumann did not invent the computer, but what he introduced was equally significant: computing by use of computer programs, the way we do it today.

The roots of this invention lay not in electronics but in higher reaches of mathematics,in a problem that tantalized specialists in mathematical logic during this century's early decades: the challenge of establishing basic foundations for maths. These would take the form of an explicit set of definitions and axioms, or fundamental statements, from which all known results might be derived.

Everyone expected that such foundations could be constructed if people were only clever enough. David Hilbert of Gottingen University, widely regarded as the world's leading mathematician, summarized this viewpoint in a 1900 address: "Every mathematical problem can be solved. We are all convinced of that. After all, one of the things that attract us most when wee apply ourselves to a mathematical problem is precisely that within us we always hear the call: here is the problem; search the solution; you can find it by pure thought, for in mathematics there is no ignorabimus [we will not know]."

In fact, however, a powerful ignorabimus lay at the centre of the problem of mathematical foundations.The man who demonstrated this was Kurt Goedel, a logician at the University of Vienna. He was a smallish man with a thick pair of glasses; he appeared even smaller than he was because of his reluctance to eat. Psychological depressions and other illnesses dogged him throughout much of his life, made more serious at times by his distrust of doctors. In contrast with the gregarious and hearty Von Neumann, Goedel was solitary in his habits, but he did form a few close relationships. One of his lifelong marriage to Adele Nimbursky, a former cabaret dancer. Another was a warm friendship with Albert Einstein.

Goedel introduced a notation whereby statements in mathematical logic were encoded as numbers. Every such statement could be expressed as an integer, usually a large one, and every integer corresponded to a statement in logic. This introduced a concept that would be key to the later advent of computer programming: that not only numerical data but also logic statements-and by extensions, programming instructions- could be expressed in a common notation. Further, Goedel's work showed that this notational commonalty could give results of the deepest significance in mathematics.

Among the mathematicians who soon took up the study of these matters was Alan Turing, of Cambridge University. Turing was a vigorous man, fond of cycling, and sometimes eccentric. Issued a gas mask, he wore it to prevent hay fever. Fearing that British currency would be worthless in World War II, he withdrew his savings and purchased two ingot of silver, buried them in his yard--and then failed to draw a suitable treasure map that would enable him to find them! And when his bicycle developed the habit of having its chain come loose, he refused to take it in for repairs. Instead he trained himself to estimate when this was about to happen so he could make timely fixes by himself.

Turing was a twenty-five year old undergraduate when he made his major contribution to computer science. It came in a 1937 paper, "On Computable Numbers" in which he specifically dealt with imaginary version of the computer. This idealised machine was to follow coded instructions, equivalent to computer programs. It was to deal with a long paper tape that would be marked off in squares, each square either black or white and thus representing on bit of information. On this tape, in response to the coded commands, the machine would execute a highly limited set of operations: reading, erasing, or marking a particular square and moving the tape.

Analysing this idealized computer, Turing proved that it offered properties closely related to Goedel's concept of formal undecidability. What was important for computer science, however, was another realization: that with sufficiently lengthy coded instructions this machine would be able to carry out any computation that could be executed in a finite number of steps. Here, in its essential form, was the concept of a general-purpose programmable computer.

The basic idea of a calculating machine was not new. The first crude adding machines dated to the seventeenth century. In the nineteenth century Charles Babbage, assisted by Lady Ada Lovelace, had struggled to invent an "analytical Engine" that was really a crude computer. What was new and pathbreaking for Turing was that for the first time he gave a clear concept of what a computer should be: a machine that carries out a few simple operations under the direction of a program that can be as intricate as one may wish.

These developments were very interesting to John Von Neumann. As a student in Germany (he was born in Hungary in 1903), he had worked closely with Hilbert himself, plunging deeply into the search for mathematical foundations. He had shared Hilbert's belief that such foundations could in fact be constructed, had written a paper that contributed some mathematical bricks to the intellectual masonry-and was surprised and chagrined by Goedel's proofs. He had not thought that formal undecidability might exist, and he came away with the feeling that Goedel had scooped him.

Von Neumann had made his reputation during the 1920's, establishing himself as clearly one of the world's outstanding mathematicians. He was invited to Princeton in 1930 when he was twenty-six. "He was so young", says a colleague from around that time, "that most people who saw him in the halls mistook him for a graduate student."

In 1936, Turing came to Princeton to do his graduate work. He was twenty-four. Von Neumann, who moved to the Institute for Advanced Study in 1933, was quite interested in Turing's work and offered him a position as his assistant after he received his doctorate, but Turing chose to return to Cambridge.

Meanwhile, Von Neumann was doing much more that reading his colleagues papers. During the early 1940's he began to work on problems of fluid flow. These problems were widely regarded as nightmares, marked by tangles of impenetrable equations. To Von Neumann that meant they were interesting; understanding them could lead to such consequences as accurate weather prediction, and because such problems posed intractable difficulties, they were worthy of his attention.

Then came the war and the Manhattan project. Von Neumann's expertise in fluid flow now took on the highest national importance. As the work at Los Alamos advanced, he became responsible for solving a problem essential to building the plutonium bomb. This was to understand the intricate physical processes by which a thick layer of high-explosive charges, surrounding a spherical core of plutonium, could detonate to produce an imploding shock wave and initiate the nuclear explosion.

In the plutonium bomb, however, George Kistiakowsky, a colleague of Von Neumann's, stated that it would be essential to predict, with some accuracy, the behaviour of the shock waves that would converge on the core. Even Von Neumann's brilliance was inadequate for this. His collaborator, Stanislaw Ulam insisted that it would be necessary to face their full complexity and calculate them, in an age when there were no computers, using methods that would later be programmed to run computers. Fortunately, the Los Alamos lab was due to receive a shipment of IBM calculating machines.Stanley Frankel, another Los Alamos man, set up a lengthy sequence of steps that these machines could carry out, with Army enlistees running them. It amounted to a very slow computer with human beings rather than electrical devices as the active elements, but it worked. Von Neuman got the solutions he needed, and he proceeded to design the high-explosive charges for Fat Man, the bomb dropped on Nagasaki.

Meanwhile, at the University of Pennsylvania, another effort as secret as the Manhattan Project was under way; the construction of the first electronic computer! This was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer), an Army-sponsored project intended for use in calculating the trajectories of artillery shells. Is employment of vacuum tubes rather than people as active elements represented a decided advance, but while the potential value of such tubes for high-speed computing was widely appreciated, the tubes of the day were not particularly reliable. That did not when only a few were needed, as in radar and radio, but it would matter greatly in a computer, where a single failed tube could vitiate a lengthy calculation.

The ENIAC project leaders, John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert Jr., solved the reliability problem in a simple way. They were working with tubes whose manufacturers had guaranteed a service life of 2,500 hours. With 17,468 tubes in ENIAC, that meant one could be expected to fail, on the average, every eight minutes- and with major computations requiring weeks of operations, this was quite unacceptable. Eckert, however, simply "unloaded" the tubes, arranging them so that they would handle no more than 1/2 of their normal voltage and 1/4 of their rated current. This reduced the failure rate from one every 8 minutes to about one every 2 days, which was sufficient for practical operations.

ENIAC was a large air conditioned room whose walls were covered with cabinets containing electronic circuitry-three thousand cubit feet of it! It weighed thirty tons and drew 174 kilowatts of power! Its computational speed and capability would fail to match the hand-held calculator of the mid-70's, but even so, it was such an advance over all previous attempts at automatic computation as to stand in a class by itself. Its main memory (RAM) could only hold a thousand bits of information-about the equivalent of three lines of text. And it was completely lacking in any arrangements for computer programming.

You did not program ENIAC; rather, you set it up, like many other complex systems. You prepared for a particular problem by running patch cords between jacks and other plugs, with cabling up to eighty feet long! The task could take two days or longer.

By the summer of 1944, however, Eckert, Mauchly, and their colleagues were already beginning to think seriously about ENIAC's successor. This would have the name EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer). Eckert had described a computer in which an "important feature" was that "operating instructions and function tables would be stored in exactly the same sort of memory device as that used for numbers." In October, 1944, at Goldstien's urging, the Army awarded a $105,600 contract for work on the EDVAC concept.

By the summer of 1946, Eckert and Mauchly were seeking to build a stored-program computer along the lines of the "first draft". The computer was to be built in the boiler room of Fuld Hall, at princeton University. As Bigelow describes the work, "Von Neumann would put half-finished ideas on the blackboard and Goldstien would take them back down and digest them and make them something for the machine.

When completed-in a building of its own, well across the IAS campus- the computer only had 2300 vacuum tubes, considerably fewer than ENIAC's almost 18,000. It was fully automatic, digital, and general purpose, but like other programmable computers of its generation, it was built years in advance of programming languages such as Fortran or Pascal. Is commands, instead were written entirely in machine language, long strings of ones and zeros. An expression such as "A+B", for instance, might be rendered as something like 011010010010000 10101111101010010 10101010101 1001101011; a significant program would feature many pages written in such notation. Von Neumann was so clever technically that he had no problem with this notation and could imagine anyone else working with a computer, who couldn't program in machine code.

While others were using crude digital instructions for their machines, Von Neumann and his team were developing instructions that would last, with modification, throughout the computer age.

The machine received its baptism with the nation again at war, in Korea, and with the hydrogen bomb now a matter of the highest priority. Von Neumann, who had maintained his leadership in nuclear-weapons work, arranged to run a problem dealing with H-bomb physics. It would be the most extensive computation ever carried out. "It was computed in the summer of 1950," says Bigelow, "...while the machine had clip leads on it. We had engineers there to keep it running and it ran for six days, day and night, with very few errors. It did a nice job."

The way was open, then, for the computer to sweep all before it. There would be substantial technical advances: programming languages beginning in the mid-1950's, then transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. But these would merely offer better ways to implement the basic concept-the stored program computer-that Von Neumann had described in his 1945 "First Draft".

These computers, rather than plaques or busts cast in bronze, are among the true monuments to the cheerful and highly creative man who was John Von Neumann.

SOME RIDE THE WAVES OF PROGRESS. OTHERS MAKE THEM. - from an ad by Brand-Rex Company

OBSTACLES ARE THE TERRIBLE THINGS YOU SEE WHEN YOU TAKE YOUR EYES FROM THE GOAL. - anon

YOU CAN MEASURE THE PROGRESS OF CIVILIZATION BY WHO GETS MORE APPLAUSE - THE CLOWN OR THE THINKER. - anon

A SHORTCUT IS THE LONGEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS. - anon

IF YOU THINK EDUCATION IS EXPENSIVE, TRY IGNORANCE. - Derek Bok

IF IT WERE EASY, SOMEONE WOULD HAVE DONE IT LONG AGO. - Robert Goddard

1. The Stubborn Subdirectory

To delete (remove) a subdirectory, the directory must not contain any files or other subdirectories, and the current directory must not be the one destined for deletion. Begin by making the subdirectory to delete the current directory [CD\directory-name]. Next do an ERASE *.* to delete all the file entries that this directory contains. Follow this by taking a directory listing [DIR] to check that this directory does not include any subdirectory entries. The only entries left in this case are the period, which indicates that this is a subdirectory, and the double period, which DOS uses to locate the directory's parent (the higher-level directory that encompasses this directory). Then change the current directory to the root directory [CD\] and execute RD\directoryname. Problem: You receive the standard error message, "Invalid path, not directory, or directory not empty." What prevents removal of this subdirectory?

The steps are essentially correct. But let's review the possible errors in the DOS message:

Directory not empty.

Although the DOS manual notes that ERASE *.* deletes all files in the current directory (and that ERASE [drive:]path deletes all the files in the path-specified directory), ERASE does not delete hidden or system files. Hidden and system files are excluded from directory listings and from the "number of files" report in a listing's last line. Hidden and system files within a subdirectory are difficult to delete without a special utility that can list such files and change their attributes, converting them into "normal" (ERASEable) files.

Not directory.

In most cases, this error message refers to a misspelled directory name. It's also possible that a directory name may have been altered to include a nondisplayable character, but that is rare.

Invalid path.

To locate a specific subdirectory, a DOS command must be supplied with a path parameter that includes, in the correct order, every subdirectory level, from either the root directory down to the desired directory; the current directory down to the desired directory; or the current directory up to a common ancestor and then down to the desired subdirectory.

If DIR-22 is the current directory and you want to remove DIR-212, you could begin the path parameter with the root dir:

C>CD <Enter>

C:\DIR-22

C>RD\DIR-21\DIR-212 <Enter>

Alternatively, you could use the double period to ascend the path from the current directory to a common directory, then specify the path down from that directory:

C>CD <Enter>

C:\DIR-2

C>RD DIR-21\DIR-212 <Enter>

Instead of DIR-22, suppose the current directory is DIR-2. In that case, to remove DIR-212, a descendant of the current directory, you may begin the path parameter with the appropriate child of the current directory:

C>CD <Enter>

C:\DIR-22

C>RD..\DIR-21\DIR-212 <Enter>

Note that in each example the path parameter includes every subdirectory name along the specified path. Even if the root directory were the current directory (instead of DIR-22) in the first example, the path parameter zDIR-212 would be invalid because the intermediate subdirectories have been omitted.

It may be that the stubborn directory is not a child of the root directory, in which case the command RD\directoryname omits the intermediate subdirectory or subdirectories.

2. Subdirectory Magic

DOS allows users to organize their files by pigeon-holing everything away in nested subdirectories. But DOS doesn't provide a convenient way to rename directories. To rename a directory, most users create a new one with the new name, copy all the files into it from the old one, and remove the old one -- or they take advantage of special utilities like those published in PC Magazine's Programming Column. Advanced users can zip into the disk directory with DEBUG and revise any filename.

However, DOS 3.0 users can change any subdirectory name simply by going into BASIC 3.0 and using its NAME command. For instance, to change the name of the DOS subdirectory \SALT into \PEPPER, all a BASIC 3.0 user need type is:

NAME "\SALT" AS "\PEPPER"

Note that this works only in BASIC 3.x. A subdirectory name is handled very much like other filenames, except that byte 11 of its directory lising is a hex 10. Incidentally, by using DEBUG, you can hide the subdirectory listing by changing this byte from a &H10 to a &H12.

3. Redirecting Files and Renaming Subdirectories

You can re-direct a file from one subdirectory into another without copying and erasing by using BASIC's NAME ...AS ... command in director (nonprogramming mode). Enter:

NAME"\dir1\file.ext"

AS"\dir2\file.ext"

The RENAME command in DOS won't work because it will not accept a second path. Is there a patch (using DEBUG) to RENAME.COM that will enable DOS to do this, too?

4. Up a Tree

If you are in one subdirectory and want to call a program in another part of the tree the PATH option lets you to call a .EXE or .BAT program file, but not any associated data or .OVL files needed by the program. For example, a PE.EXE program needs PE.PRO and both are in the EDIT subdirectory, but PATH will only call the former.

There are three possible solutions to this problem which has plagued subdirectory users ever since DOS 2.0 was introduced.

First, there are a number of public domain programs that extend PATH command capability to include all file searches. Thus, as the program searches for overlay files, it will go to the correct subdirectory. Some of these programs may do strange things when you try to create a file.

Second, there are more sophisticated commercial programs available that let you specify certain files that are to be found in specific subdirectories. This tends to make your environment list pretty long, but it works.

The third approach is to update to DOS 3.1 or higher which contains a program called SUBST that lets you section off a piece of your subdirectory tree as a drive. For example, if you enter:

SUBST A: C:\EDIT

This would make the EDIT subdirectory accessible as drive A:, and most programs search at least drive A: for required overlays. If your program can handle it, use a different drive designator (say E:) since otherwise drive A: will become temporarily inaccessible for other use. In this case, type:

SUBST E: C:\EDIT

I DO NOT BELIEVE IN A FATE THAT FALLS ON MEN HOWEVER THEY ACT; BUT I DO BELIEVE IN A FATE THAT FALLS ON MEN UNLESS THEY ACT. - G. K. Chesterton

MACHINES SHOULD WORK, PEOPLE SHOULD THINK. - IBM

GENIUS, THAT POWER WHICH DAZZLES MORTAL EYES, IS OFT BUT PERSEVERANCE IN DISGUISE. - Henry W. Austin

NOTHING SPLENDID HAS EVER BEEN ACHIEVED EXCEPT BY THOSE WHO DARED BELIEVE THAT SOMETHING INSIDE THEM WAS SUPERIOR TO CIRCUMSTANCES. - Bruce Barton

DON'T BE AFRAID TO TAKE A BIG STEP IF ONE IS INDICATED. YOU CAN'T CROSS A CHASM IN TWO SMALL STEPS. - David L. George

THE ROAD TO SUCCESS IS ROUGH. YOU HAVE TO PAVE IT YOURSELF. - Arnold Glasow

EXPERIENCE IS A HARD TEACHER BECAUSE SHE GIVES THE TEST FIRST - AND THE LESSON AFTERWARDS. - anon

WE EITHER WALK FORWARD, FALL BACK, OR TAKE ROOT. - Charles W. Kellog

IT'S GOOD TO HAVE YOUR FEET ON THE GROUND, BUT KEEP THEM MOVING. - Arnold Glasow

MUDDY WATER LET STAND WILL CLEAR. - Chinese proverb

WHEN OPPORTUNITY KNOCKS, IT OFTEN IDENTIFIES ITSELF IN SUCH A GRUFF VOICE THAT THE TIMID ARE AFRAID TO ANSWER THE DOOR. - Mike O'Gara

ONE THING COMES TO THE MAN WHO WAITS, AND THAT'S WHISKERS. - anon

What is SHARE?

The SHARE.EXE program is included with DOS versions 3.0 and higher. Although most DOS manuals don't give it much coverage, understanding SHARE can be vital to the success of your network, especially if you are running a multi-user database, or a similar application that works with several files at a time.

SHARE gives applications an easy, well-defined way to keep users from accessing the same files, or the same regions of files simultaneously. Once SHARE has been run, an application can use it to "lock" a files or region so that only one person at a time can make changes. Most multi-user and network software packages use SHARE to implement their file and record locking. This bulletin will discuss how SHARE works and how it can affect your LANtastic network.

How SHARE Works

SHARE maintains two tables in memory. The first table, the FILES table, contains the complete pathname of each file that has been opened, plus an internal file handle number and other housekeeping information. The second table, the LOCK table, contains a list of internal file handle numbers and corresponding information on the various areas of each file that are locked. SHARE checks these tables whenever an application asks to open or use a file or a region of a file, and lets the application know whether or not the file or region is available.

SHARE uses at least one entry in each table for each file that is opened. The more files your computer opens and locks, the more space SHARE needs for its internal tables. You can control the size of SHARE's internal tables with two command line options, /F and /L. The /F option controls the amount of space allocated for the FILES table and the /L option controls the number of simultaneous locks that SHARE will allow. To help you figure out exactly how much space you'll need, let's examine each parameter in detail.

The /F Parameter

The /F parameter controls the size (in bytes) of the table that SHARE reserves for file names and file handles. The syntax for using the /F parameter is

SHARE /F:n

where n is any number from 0 to approximately 62,000 (by empirical test). The default is /F:2048. SHARE stores the complete pathname of each file, plus 11 bytes of file handle and housekeeping information. You can find the worst case space requirement by multiplying the number of files in your CONFIG.SYS by 71 (60 bytes for the worst case pathname + 11 bytes for other information). For a system with FILES = 255 in its CONFIG.SYS, that means that in the worst case, with all 255 files open, SHARE will require over 18,100 bytes for the FILES table.

On a network server, you will need to allocate enough space for all the files that will be opened by all the users on the network. The default value is 2048 bytes -- enough to hold the information for 66 files with paths averaging 20 characters, or about 28 files in a worst case scenario. If you know that paths on your machine average more than 20 characters, or that you will be opening lots of files, you should probably use the /F parameter to give SHARE more space for its FILES table.

The /L Parameter

The /L parameter controls the number of simultaneous locks that SHARE can handle. It's probably the biggest potential troublemaker for network users. The syntax for the /L parameter is

SHARE /L:n

where n is any integer between 1 and approximately 3800 (again, by empirical test). The default is /L:20 -- that is, 20 locks. On a network like LANtastic, which can open 5100 files per server, it's easy to see that 20 locks just isn't enough.

Opening a file on a server requires at least one lock. In addition, most network programs use several more locks per file. They lock individual records, and even individual fields within records. Multi-user databases especially can use lots of locks, sometimes 10 or more per file. On a network, with several users opening each file, SHARE's default 20 locks can be used up almost instantly.

To add to the confusion, application programs behave in a somewhat unpredictable manner when SHARE runs out of locks. Some programs correctly report the error, some simply report "Access Denied" or "Sharing Violation", and some just lock up the computer. The bottom line is that on your servers, you should use the /L parameter to increase the number of locks allowed. The /L setting should be at least the number of files you've specified in your CONFIG.SYS or in the NET_MGR Server Startup Parameters option (whichever is larger). If you're running a multi-user program that uses lots of files, you should consider setting /L to at least twice the number of open files allowed.

Any of the programmes below may be ordered from the Joint Software Exchange, 73 Highway, 7975 Fish Hoek. Club members pay R 10 per volume (floppy disk); non-member charges are R 14; add R 3 for 3" media. These fees cover media, admin, advertising, operating expenses, overheads and library maintenance costs. In addition, a fixed order fee of R 5 is charged per order. For every 8 disks paid, 2 additional disks can be ordered free of charge.

NOTE: ALL PROGRAMMES BELOW REQUIRE MS-WINDOWS v3/3.1 (OR OS/2 v2+) TO RUN!

Where indicated, programmes specifically require Windows v.3.1. Many programmes also require the VBRUN100.DLL resource (our disk W201); this is indicated (where known) with VBRUN.

W200 ANTI-VIRUS: SCAN for WINDOWS. McAfee's famous comprehensive computer virus detection utility for Windows; checks your entire system against viruses. Also includes the latest DOS version of SCAN. Refer to our disks 3600-3603 for a comprehensive anti-virus kit (SCAN, NETSCAN, SHIELD, CLEAN).

W201 VBRUN100.DLL Visual Basic Run-time Library. This is a general resource library (DLL) containing standard routines that are accessed by all programs produced with the Visual Basic compiler. Most shareware and many commercial programs require this library; where known, we have indicated this fact with (req.VBRUN).

W202 THE BILL DRAWER. Helps you pay your bills in a timely manner. Unlike "checkbook" programs which assume that you know what to pay when, the Bill Drawer helps you organize your bills by the due date. It gives you powerful features to review, select & write cheques for only the bills you want to pay.

W203 & W204 HIGH FINANCE 2.01: Financial Planning & Calculation tool. Personal financial planner, investment analysis, loan calculation & amortization, etc. Automatic charts & tables.

W205 LOANMATE. Easy-to-use loan payment calculation, generates schedules etc.

W206 MORTGAGE DESIGNER 1.3. For all your mortgage bond calculations: fast, accurate, easy. Includes what if? calculations, context-sensitive help & on-line manual, full payment schedules, break-even analysis etc.

W207 & W208 PERSONAL FINANCE PROGRAMS: MICROCHECK, MORTGAGE & PAYOFF, LOAN PARTNER & BANKBOOK. MICROCHECK: Home finance management program to organize & manage your cheque account. MORTGAGE home loan schedule calculator. PAYOFF calculates payoff amounts on loans. LOAN PARTNER: easy way to compute monthly & total payments of a loan. BANKBOOK: simple cheque account manager.

W209 PERSONAL WEALTH MANAGER. Personal finance program: savings, retirement & investment analysis.

W210 MONEY SMITH 2. Full-feature home/business accounting program with complte double entry, financial calculator, graphical toolbar with most frequent functions, support for investment analysis, full suite of reports & graphs, int'l currency & date, smart entry fields etc.

W211 FINISH-A-LINE. Finishes words, sentences or lines with a single key: automatically learns your style & vocabulary as you type, then shows likely words & phrases in a window. Great productivity enhancer.

W212 ORGANIZE! 1.53. Most innovative, easy-to-use & effective Personal Information Manager (PIM). Looks & feels like a diary, flip 'real' pages etc. Uses unique 'word-in-context' system to manage & organize random & structured personal information (upd.W088).

W213 TIME & CHAOS v3.03. Personal Information Manager to track contacts, dates, appointments, things-to-do, telephones etc.

W214 TIMELOG. Records personal time usage. Maintains a database of work projects, where you "punch in or out" as you spend time on each project. Produces a variety of reports, support DDE link.

W215 & W216 ALMANAC v3.0G. Full-featured calendar, scheduler, notepad, alarm clock, to-do list, appointment keeper etc. Handles all desktop needs to stay on top of your time, your work and yourself. Takes advantage of 3.1 fonts and CD quality type sound. (upd.W062)

W217 ADDRESS MANAGER 2.0B. Full-featured address book providing full printing support for envelopes, labels (laser & dot-matrix), rolodex cards, auto-dialer, user-defined lists & data import from other text files.

W218 & W219 CONVERT IT! v1.1. Comprehensive program to calculate virtually any unit conversion imaginable: temperature, distance, mass, area, volume, angle, power, energy,...

W220 UNIT MASTER 1.20 Unit Measurement Conversion. Converts all common length, area, time, quantity, volume, mass/weight, energy, pressure, velocity, density & degree measurements. Also includes the WINCHIME talking clock.

W221 ABOVE & BEYOND 1.0 Revolutionary Information Manager. Maximize the use of each day in your life. Unique dynamic scheduling allows you to stay on top of tasks, projects, plans & calendars. Recurring items, full week- or month-at-a-glance etc.

W222 DAILY POP-UP. An original "laugh-a-day" pop-up calendar program. Sampler includes 15 pearls from 'Daily Herman' and 'Daily Briefcase'.

W223 & W224 PERSONAL JOURNAL. Replaces the need for journal books, old ragged note books, loose pieces of paper etc. Gives you the ease of a dedicated program for keeping notes of a personal, business or whatever reason. Attractive, friendly & full-featured text edition.

W225 JOURNAL PROGRAM. Your daily information program. Info is stored in topics, organized in up to 8 categories and indexed according to topic titles & dates. Organize your personal, professional or sports life. VBRUN

W226 & W227 CALL-OUT 1.21A. Telephone system. A flexible telephone dialer, allowing you to use your modem to make voice telephone calls while you continue to work on other applications. Multiple phone lists/numbers, call logging, PBX prefixes etc.

W228 TIME & BILLING. Track time & tasks to bill your clients accordingly. Prints statements & tracks payments as well. VBRUN

W229 WORLD TIME & YEAR. Tracks time in over 150 metropolitan & geographic locations around the world. View an entire year's calendar at a glance, print it or calculate the number of days between two dates.

W230 THE CHARTIST: Chart creator. Create, edit & print flow charts, organization charts or any other charts that use similar components. Paste charts in any other document. Large symbol library included.

W231 MicroLATHE 3D-Modeling Tool. Easy-to-use modeling system where you create 3-dimensional objects using the metaphor of a carpenter's lathe. MINIMOVIE produces a simple animation from DIB files (eg created with MircoLathe).

W232 KWIKDRAW drawing program. Simple graphics system where you draw & manipulate graphic elements (rectangles, ellipses, text, curves, polygons). Up to 36 elements on a sheet in this freeware version.

W233 & W234 LEONARDO graphics system. An object-oriented drawing tool with the basic features of both CAD drawing packages and desktop publishing programs. Full command set to create & manipulate complex graphics images & text.

W235 WINGRAPH Equation Graphing Program. Draws graphs from a given equation. Supports 2D/3D, cartesian/polar, zoom, solutions, clipboard to Xfer graphs to other applications.

W236 & W237 ZGRAFWIN v2.8 Full-featured graph generator. Create, display & print 10 popular graph types very quickly from given data: X/Y, polar, log, bar, pie, area, 2D & 3D functions. Supports PCX graphics.

W237 XCLAIM. Command.com replacement for windows.

W238 PAINSHOP Pro: graphics file viewer/converter/editor. Display, convert, alter & print graphics images in the following formats: TIFF, GIF, Targa, WPG, BMP, PCX, MAC, MSP, IMG, PIC, RLE. Manipulations include resizing, trimming, filtering, dithering, palette & screen capturing.

W239 COLORVIEW GIF/JPEG/BMP viewer. Colour Image Viewer for JPEG, GIF'87/'89 and BMP images. Provides various dithering, colour reduction & other correction algorithms. 286 & 386 specific programs provided.

W240 LECTURE for text presentations. Create slick, great-looking text-based slide show presentations. For teachers, lecturers, business professionals, marketers or anyone who needs to deliver a text-only presentation at a moment's notice.

W241, W242 & W243 PIXFOLIO v2.0 universal graphics image viewer. View & catalogue virtually any type of bitmapped graphics format: BMP, CLP, DRW, EPC, FLI, GIF, ICO, IMG, JPEG, PCX, RLE, Targa, TIFF & WPG. The most powerful all-purpose graphics viewer around? A must for every Windows user.

W244 SCREENSHOW full-featured screensaver with animation. This screen saver/blanker will play FLI & FLC animation files (as well as the standard `still' graphics eg BMP & RLE). Fade, looping, speed control, password, autoload. Also includes NAGGER (reminds you with messages) and SANITY (saves your sanity by reminding you to take an occasional break).

W245 & W246 SHOW 'n TELL: spiffy presentation package. Displays images & text associated with them, just like in a slide show. Use as communication tool, training device, presentation tool etc.

W247 GRADEBOOK v1.09 teacher's administration tool. Very flexible student/pupil record keeping & grade calculator. Up to 10 task categories; unlimited terms, classes, students & tasks. Student name/number, ASCII import feature, statistical & graphical score analysis, etc. VBRUN.

W248 ACTION 1-2-3: basic arithmetic tutor for tots. Teaches tots numbers, counting, simple addition & subtraction using animated animals. 4 scenarious & 8 animals with music, alternating to create variety.

W249 CHALKBOARD MATHS tutor. Fun & easy-to-use; teaches & enhances elementary math skills. Can be used by a single child or child & adult.

W250 HANGMAN spelling teacher. Using POSITIVE reinforcement techniques only, this educational game is targeted at 5 to 9 year olds. IMAGES are placed on screen as representation of what the child needs to spell. Rewards come with each correct spelling. Add your own words. Many animal images.

W251 MEGAN'S MATCHING GAME: matching memory game. For small kids: use shapes, pictures, letters, numbers or colours. Allows kids to discover the computer & improves memory.

W252 MEMORY BUILDER for kids. Another nice memory "match-the-hidden-cards" game. For ages 3+. 3 play modes & variety of grid sizes. Recommended!

W253 PICTURES ABC: animals/letters A-M. An education program for kids ages 2 to 6. It teaches them the association between the alphabet & words through the use of pictures and VOICE. Features animals from A(lligator) to M(onkey).

W254 & W255 MEMORY BUILDER 1.2 flashcard drill & practice system. Helps with any type of memory/rote learning. Comes with foreign language drill with selected French & Spanish phrases.

W256 SIGNMASTER: sign language tutor. Tutor mode teaches you the "hand/finger" sign for each letter of the alphabet. Test mode assesses your ability to recognize each sign. For people who work with deafs + other situation oral communication is limited.

W257 ASTRO-MEEUS astronomical calculator. Computes sun & moon positions for any date & any location on earth. Includes phases of the moon, eclipses, equinoxes etc. Also includes PLANET positions.

W258 ASTRONOMY LAB: innovative & fascinating astronomy package. Generates animated movies that simulate a host of astronomical events including solar & lunar eclipses, lunar & planetary occulations, motions of planets in the ecliptic plane, orbits of Jupiter's moons etc. Many graphs & calculator.

W259 THE EARTH-CENTERED UNIVERSE 1.1 planetorium. Sky-visualization software capable of simulating many of the phenomenen of the night sky; including stars, planets, sun & moon, comets etc. For the observing amateur & armchair astronomer.

W260 & W261 SKY PLANETORIUM: sky map generator. Provides sky maps for appropriate time & locations on earth. Comes with a comprehensive on-line astronomical terms dictionary. Control accuracy & magnification.

W262 CHEMICAL molecule assembly laboratory. Select atoms, view their periodic information, bond them together in molecules, view these from different angles etc. Supports hybrid & ions.

W263 WINPOEM v1.0. Picks poems from a file, at random or according to a string criterium and formats them nicely in a window. Includes source + util. to change/add to data file.

W264 WISDOM & PROVERBS OF THE AGES v2.0. 1000s of words of wisdom, including many contemporary ones! The datafile alone is 360+K and wordprocessor compatible.

W265 MYTHOLOGY FLOWCHARTS. Contains thought provoking material in the form of flow charts about mythology, society and the individual. Introduces Celtic, Chinese/Japanese, Indian/Tibetian, Timeline & Neolithic Goddesses.

W266, W267 & W268 GOD'S WORD FOR WINDOWS: Gospel reference system. An easy-to-use (KJV) Bible reference program that helps you to study the NT gospels more effectively by making it more accessible. Search by word, topic or combination of words & copy verses into other Windows programs (eg wordprocessor).

W269 & W270 JRE HOME INVENTORY. A comprehensive, highly attractive home inventory, insurance etc. program. Makes extensive use of Windows 3.1 multimedia sound capabilities. Many reports [3.1].

W271 COOK! v3. Free form database for Cooking Recipes. Flexible way to manage your reciptes, shopping lists and check food types. Intuitive to use, useful, swift & powerful. VBRUN

W272 MUSIC MANAGER v1.10. Track your entire music collection. A must for the serious music collector. Up to 1000 entries. Tracks artist, title, label, classification, format & year. Sort, search, print etc.

W273 & W274 MUZIDEX. Database for Audio collectors. Full-featured system for tracking your music.

W275 REELS v2.1. Music tape database. Track, manage & analyse your complete tape & song collection. Extensive searching capabilities & statistics generator.

W276 BIRD-DATA 2.0. Keeps records of birds (esp. parrot types). Separate databases for babies, pairs & pets. VBRUN

W277 MAGIC-CAT 1.3. Magazine articles database. Full-featured cataloguer/database system.

W278 CLOCKMAN 1.1. The intelligent Alarm Clock. With Clock Manager you can set yourself reminders to appear anytime in the future & schedule unattended operations of Windows and DOS applications - complete with automatic keystrokes!

W279 COMMAND POST v7.2D Windows SHELL & BROWSER. A programmable, fast, effective and very powerful shell for Windows. It is text-based, designed to replace or supplement the Windows program & file manager. Network, multimedia & DDE support; Send-key capability.

W280 & W281 BIGDESK desktop manager & BACKMENU menu system. BIGDESK is a virtual desktop that keeps your Windows desktop uncluttered. Especially useful if you've got several programs running at once (eg 20 or so copies of the same game). Gives you nine (virtual) monitors instead of one! BACKMENU pop-up root menu with configurable menus. Use it to quickly run applications & tools.

W282 SITBACK Lite: Easy backup system. The simplest backup & storage management program on the market. Easy-to-use, full-featured, secure & affordable data security.

W283 & 284 WINWORD OFFICE POWER PAK: support for Word for Windows. If you use Word for Windows, you need this! Advances the state of the art in Windows word processing: colour icons for WinWord toolbar, envelopes with logos, barcodes, all fonts, print duplex, 2/4-up, booklets, library, clock, compose, font chart, page border etc. Word for Windows 2.x required.

W285 & W286 WINGREEK v1.5. For Greek & Hebrew word processing. Includes screen & printer fonts + various utilities.

W287 MEGA-EDIT v2.02: powerful & popular Windows text editor. Designed specifically to facilitate complex editing tasks including multiple and/or large texts.

W288 Micro-EMACS v3.11c: universal text editor. The Windows version of this multi-platform (Unix, mainframe etc) text editor.

W289 MIDI-EDIT v1.10: MIDI Sequencer. Uses standard MIDI files, up to 64 tracks, background song play, powerful editing capabilities, piano roll style notation, Adlib ROL file import.

W290 WINJAMMER 2.1: full-featured MIDI sequencer. Similar capabilities to W289 MIDI-EDIT.

W291 SONG-PLAYER: MIDI file song player. Requires Windows 3.1 (or 3.0 with multimedia extension). VBRUN

W292 WAVE EDITOR. Input, create, modify & analyze wave forms from 8-bit monaural PCM wave formats (most .WAV files).

W293 JUKEBOX: WAV & MIDI file player. Fun alternative to the more serious MIDI type sequencers! Requires Windows 3.1 & Super-VGA (1024x768x256).

W294 CARTMACHINE v1.00: simple WAV file player. Uses the radio station "cart wheel" as a metaphor. Windows 3.1.

W295 CD-AUDIO v1.25: audio CD player for CD-ROM drives. Record the song titles on your CD's, have them recognized any time the disc is inserted. Shuffle play & programming to fit onto cassette tape. VBRUN

W296 CD-PLAYER: audio CD player. Another audio CD player for CD-ROMs connected to your PC. With limited disc cataloguing facility.

W297 MEDIA PLAYER 1.0b: Sound file player. Plays the following sound file types: WAV, MIDI, FLI, FLC. Req. soundboard with MCI driver, 386 & VBRUN.

W298 & W299 XANTIPPE: Information Structuring Workbench. A tool to structure information or knowledge into a non-linear format. The info can be text or graphics. Structuring entails categorizing the info & listing it through 'hyperlinks'.

W300 EIS: Encrypt-It for Windows. Encryption, decryption & cryptanalysis program supporting the Data Encryption Standard. With context-sensitive help & on-line manual. For advanced data security of sensitive data.

W301 PROFESSIONAL ICONS, ICONFRITE & NONAG. Collection of 120 new icons for Win 3.0 & 3.1. ICONFRITE scares your icons away from the mouse cursor! NONAG allows you to get rid of the Windows opening (bragging) screen.

W302 CASE-N-POINT: Toolkit for System Analysts. Maintains organized view of a (system analysis) project. Ideal for consultants, programmers & analysts. Gantt charts, documentation, maintenance, option evaluation and other project management features. Follows a loose SDLC methodology.

W303 & W304 CINETIC MAILMANAGER for Internet. A mail reader & composor that lets you manage Internet mail under Windows i.e. read, reply, forward & create messages. Supports UUCP, PC/TCP, Pathay, PC-NFS.

W305 DIALW speed phone dialer. Supports `one-click' phone dialing, automatic redialing of busy numbers, fast tone dialing, ringing log & alarm.

W306 FREE E-MAIL SYSTEM. A FREE E-Mail system for network users. Provides security, virtually unlimited messages & users, distribution lists, pop-up mail notification, attach DOC/program/pic to message, active messages etc.

W307 & W308 MICROLINK 1.03 communications package. Link your PC via modem to bulletin boards, information services or other PCs. Dialing directory, name & phone database, automated logon scripts, terminal settings, ZModem, VT100, ...

W309 & W310 POWER BBS v1.90: Windows/DOS Bulletin Board System. Fast, easy-to-use & maintain. Incorporates all necessary features incl. full logs, security, network compatibility etc.

W311 BATTLESHIP & CROQUET. BATTLESHIP is a strategy game which incorporates meny special stealth features so that it can be loaded "safely" on a network without the supervisor/boss finding out. CROQUET: play solitary croquet with 1 ball & 9 arches. VBRUN

W312 & W313 CASTLE OF THE WINDS: dazzling fantasy adventure. Based on Norse mythology. Great role-playing game with graphics & on-line help.

W314 MAZE-MASTER, CRIB & SPIDER. MAZEMASTER is a maze-solving game with a twist: you're the mouse peeking over the walls! SPIDER: a particularly challenging double-deck solitaire providing extra-ordinary opportunity for skilled players to overcome `bad luck'. CRIB: solitaire cribbage game.

W315 & W316 S.S. BATTLESHIP the classic strategy board game. Various enhancements over the traditional version: e.g. lay mines to get a head start on your opponent or protect your own ships.

W317 TRIXSLOTS, ROULETTE & IQ-TEST. Includes a nice slot machine (Win v3.1), the well-known casino roulette game and a 30-minute I.Q. test.

W318 PENTOMINO & SLOT3. PENTOMINO is a challenging 5x12 puzzle game where the pentaminos must be arranged into a rectangle. SLOT3 is a good slot machine.

W319 SHEEP & SOKOBAN. SHEEP is a novel implementation of solitaire sheepshead. SOKOBAN: a classic puzzle game where you are the overworked stock manager in a large warehouse - pack the crates onto the platforms.

W320 POKERMATIQUE: video poker machine. A more sophisticated implementation.

W321 MAC-BLAST & CARD games. You are a programmer who has developed a truly great GUI. Fight against the Evil Fruit Empire who has a monopoly on GUIs & destroy as many of the computers as possible whilst avoiding contact with self-destructing copyright suits & mice. Also includes patience card game.

W322 MAHJONGG the classic oriental tile game. Loaded with features including more than 10 different tile sets to choose from.

W323 JPUZZLE, LIFE3000, ELECTRIC LIGHTS. JPUZZLE: create & solve jigsaw puzzles created out of BMP graphics. LIFE3000: the game of life for Windows. Electric Lights: place coloured pegs in a board with a light behind it. Just plain fun.

W324 STARDATE 2140.2: Battles on Distant Places. Space game with sound support, use pref with Win 3.1. Includes the two episodes: "First Battle" and "A Night on Rangor".

W325 JACKMATIQUE: Black Jack casino card game. VBRUN

W326 INVISIBLE MAZE: interesting maze game. Test your ability to move the Maze Walker through a maze (from 5x5 to 30x25). Unfortunately, the maze walls are invisible... VBRUN

W327 GAME OF HEARTS & CRISPY card games. Contains a good implementation of the popular `hearts' game (you against 3 computer opponents). CRISPY is another solitaire game based on the `grinning Jack' card deck.

W328 CHECKERS, Happy FUN BALL, HOP-OVER puzzle.

W329 BOXWORLD & BATTLEGRID strategy & CHOMP PacMan clone. Contains two strategy/logic games and a good PacMan clone with lots of extra features eg different mazes & adjustable speed.

W330 ALIEN Tic-Tac-Toe; ATOMS; Bow & Arrow; BLOB. Alien Tic-Tac-Toe: with cartoons. ATOMS: you can't loose, but can you finish? BLOB: strategy game: secure more squares with your colour than your opponent.

W331 4-PLAY & 4-STROKE ENGINE. 4-PLAY: TicTacToe type board strategy game but on a 4 by 4 board. 4-STROKE: assemble a 4-stroke engine and make it work! VBRUN

W332 SOLUS, SQPLAY & STARFIELD. SOLUS: fun solitaire style game. SQPLAY: move the blocks & try to trap spinning things (Win 3.1).

W333 3DXWD; ABACO; BLOCK-BREAKERS. 3DXWD: 3-dimensional crossword puzzle. ABACO: strategy game.

W334 JEWEL THIEF v1.3; KEY; EMLITH. JEWEL THIEF: Travel to far away places & collect jewels whilst avoiding restless natives. Excellent graphics & animation. KYE: collect diamants without getting stuck (arcade). EMLITH: tetris-like arcade game.

W335 HERMAN maze game & KLOTSKI Polish logic game. HERMAN: maze with rocks for Herman to move. KLOTSKI: solve the mathematical problems in the form of a small wooden game board with various sized blocks. Free the `master' block in as few moves as possible. Very challenging.

W336 ZENALOK: Dungeons & Dragons Epic Adventure Game.

W337 MULTI-LABEL v2.5: Create your own custom lables. Use ATM or TrueType fonts & clipart. Many options eg serial numbers, many standard label types, bullet lists etc. VBRUN

W338 ROCKFORD v2.5: Design professional-looking buiness cards. Adjust on-screen, change as you like and print the final product. Good for business cards but also membership cards, ID cards, humorous cards etc. in a jiffy. VBRUN

W339 & W340 ENVADDRESS v1.7: Addresses, envelopes & dialer. Professional address manager, envelope printer and phone dialer in one. Supports free format addresses, grouping of addresses, comments, address lists, installation program.

W341 & W342 PRINTERS APPRENTICE v5: Elegant Font Manager. Professional tool for exploring your font type catalogue so that you can choose the perfect typeface for your creations. DTP, publishers, editors, designers, layout artists etc. Supports Adobe (ATM) & TrueType fonts. VBRUN

W343 FONT PREVIEWERS: FONTER v5; FONTSEE; FONTSAMPLER v2. Ososif's FONTER: preview & print all your ATM, TrueType etc (Windows) fonts. Prints all fonts, selected fonts, various attibutes, text samples, character maps etc. FONTSEE: another font checking program. FONTSAMPLER: compiles a list of all your TrueType fonts. VBRUN

W344 TRUE-TYPE FONT INFORMATION v2.0A. View Windows-specific string information in a TrueType font file (.TTF).

W350 - W375 TRUE-TYPE FONTS FOR WINDOWS 3.1

W350: AGATE: Agate - Normal, Bold, Italic. AVNTG: Avant Garde - Book, Nor, Oblique. ANDRM: Andromeda Font. W351: ARIAL: Arial Font. ARNLD: Arnoldboecklin-Extra Bold. ANIM: Alan Carr Animal Dingbats. ARSTN: Ariston Extra Bold Italic. AROWS: Arrows Outline Font. AMTYP: American Typewriter Light Font. W352: ARTSN: Ariston Font. AMERI: American-Uncial Font. AMBRS: Ambrosia Font. ASTRO: Astrological Symbol Dingbat Fonts. ARBAN: Arabian Norma (Stylized Script). ACOVR: Aarcover Font. ANDES: Andes Font. ADLIB: AdLib Regular Font. ARCH: Architectura Regular. BODNI: Bondi Poster, Normal & Heavy. BLCHN: Black-Chancery Font. W353: BRUSH: Brush Script Font. BUHUS: Bauhaus Heavy Bold & Light, Thin. BNGAT: Benguiat Bold & Light Fonts. BDCUS: Bodacious Font. BROAD: Broadway Font. BUSNS: Dingbats For Business/Industry. BALEG: Ballet Engraved (Broadway Type). BLADZ: Blades Bold Font. W354: BDDLY: Bodidly-Bold Font. BLIPO: Blippo Font. BLOON: Alan Carr Balloons Font. BLKFR: Black Forest Font. BEBOP: BeeBopBeeBop Regular. BUS: Busorama. BDRCK: Bedrock-Light. CNTRY: Century Schoolbook, Normal & Heavy. CAIRO: Cairo Regular Font. W355: CHELT: Cheltenham Fonts. CLEAR: Clearface Normal & Heavy-DTC. CLARN: Clarendon Normal & Light-DTC. CMPGN: Campaign (Stylized Script). W356: CASLO: Caslon Open Face. COOP: Cooper Heavy Font. CHARL: Charlemange Regular, Freeware. CARR: Dingbat Fonts. COTNW: Cottonwood (Fancy Caps). CLSTR: Cloister Black, Light. COPBT: Cooperbt-Black Font. CARTA: Carta (Dingbats) Font For WIN. CORNT: Coronet Semibold & Italic Font. W357: CARTN: Cartoon Font. CRACK: Crackling Fire Font. CAROL: Carolus, Freeware Font From A. Carr. COMIC: Comic Book Style Font. CROIS: Croissant Regular Font. CHOC: Choc Regular, Freeware. COLG: Collegiate Font. DMCSL: Dom Casual Normal & Light Font. DUP: Dupuy Fonts, Regular, Thin, Heavy. DUBL: Dubiel (Plain). DAVYP: Davy's Plain. W358: DINER: Diner, All-Caps, 4 Weights. DCWRI: Davy's Crappy Writing. DRGNW: Dragonwick (Fun Type). DOWN: Downwind Font. DCKNS: Dickens Regular Font. EKLEK: Eklektic Shadowed Open-Face. EIL: EileenCaps, Art-Nouveau DropCaps. W359: ERDU: Eraser Dust, ChalkBoard Type Font. ELZEV: Elzevier Caps Art. ENGL: English Regular Font. ELEC: Electronic Symbols Dingbats. ERASC: Eras Contour Regular. ELECT: Electrik Regular, Freeware. FUTRP: Futura Poster Light Font. W360: FUTRA: Futura Condensed, 6 Styles. FREE: Freehand Font for Windows. FRSTL: FreeStyleScript. FLRNC: Florence-Light Font. W361: FUTR: Future Font. FETFR: Fetterfraktur (Very Stylized). FRANK: Frankfurt Regular. FRPRT: Freeport Font. FNDRK: Fundrunk Normal & Italic Font. FORML: Formal Script. FLEUR: Fleurons (Flower Type Dingbats). FARQR: Farquharsonfree (Narrow Caps). FURIO: Furioso Titling Font. GALRA: Galleria (Fancy Caps). GARTN: Garton, Semi-Script Font. W362: GOUDY: Goudy-Old Style Normal,Bold,Italic. GRMND: Garamond Normal, Bold, Italic. W363: GRIFF: Griffin Dingbats, Many Pictures. GOVMT: Government Symbols Font. GESS: Gessele Script Font. GISM: Gismonda Font. GREEN: GreenCaps (Caps Only). GROEN: Matt Groening Handwriting. HCOCK: John Hancock Script. W364: HOLLO: 11 Hollow Fonts. HOBO: Hobo Font. HORST: Horstcaps (Fancy Caps). W365: HEIL2: Heidelbe Light/Normal Font. HEAD: HeadHunter Human Bones Font. HRNGT: Harrington Font. HOWRD: Howard Fat-Light Font. INTER: Nice Dingbats Font. IAN: Ian-Bent, Pretty Drop Caps. IGLOO: Igloo Laser (Fancy Ice-Caps). INKAB: Inkabob, Weird Font. JUNPR: Juniper Font. W366: KAFMN: Kaufman Normal & Bold Script. KRA: Kramer Art-Nouveau Font. KCAPS: Kcaps (Keyboard Characters) Font. KABEL: Book Kabel Font. KYPNC: KeyPunch Regular. LGOTH: Letter Gothic, Normal,Bold,Italic. LUCIN: Lucinda Bright Math Italic. LWRWS: Lower Westside Font. W367: LEDUS: LeeCaps Font. LIBBY: Libby Script (Light Script). LIQUD: Font With Beaded Water Look. LATIN: Latin-Wide Font. MGAR: McGarey Fractured Font. MRIEL: Muriel (Light Script) Font. MDSTN: Maidstone (Light Script). MKBLD: Market Bold, Full Set. NEARS: Nearsighted Font. NAUET: Nauett Plain Font. W368: NIX: NixonInChina, Chopstick Style Font. NVIRO: Enviro Regular. OLDTN: Oldtown Normal, Bold & Extended. OXNRD: Oxnard Openface Caps. OLENG: Olde-English Regular. PCKEY: Alan Carr Keys Fonts. PSTCR: PostCrypt (Eerie, Scary) Font. PNDRS: Ponderosa Font. W369: PEIGN: Peignot-Demo Normal,Bold,Light. PALDM: Palladam, Thai Language Font. PARDX: Paradox-Light Font. PRSNT: Present (Classy) Font. PCLIP: PaperClip Font . PRKVN: Park Avenue Font (Light Script). PIXIE: Pixie Font. PARSN: Parisian Font. POLO: Polo Font. PSBAR: U.S. Postal Barcode. W370: PCERE: Pceire Font. RLIEF: ReliefPak, Three Fonts In Relief. RANSM: Ransom-Note (Like Cut Paper) Font. REDLT: RedLetter, Made From Soviet Icons. RSLSN: Rsalison (Medium Oblique Script). RRBCA: Tribeca (Open Face Caps) Font. RCHMN: Rechtman Plain (Stylized Script). ROCK: RockMaker, Paintbrush Type Font. RVRCI: Riverside (Light Script) Font. RHYOL: Rhyol Font. ROMU: Romulus Plain Font. W371: RSTLU: RS-Toulouse Lautrec Font. RSPLA: Rsplaybill Font. RSMNZ: Rsmanzanita Font. RSCHL: Rschaseline Font. RABT: RabbitEars, 40's Style Font. RODCK: Rodchenko Font. ROUND: Rounders Plain (Circle Style). SHLLY: Shelley-Script Allegro, Andante. SALON: Saloon, Heavy Wood Type Font. STRNG: Strongman Font. W372: SOVNR: Souvenir Light,Normal,Bold,Italic. SHOW: Showboat Font. STEEL: SteelPlate Font. SQUAR: Square-Serif Font. STDIO: Studio Regular Font. SAHRA: Sahara (Light Script) Font. W373: SAVAN: Savannah, 3-D Caps Only. STATE: Windows Dingbats Of State Outlines. SPACE: Alan Carr Space Regular. SCHRZ: Schwarzwald Font. SNYDR: Snyderspeed Font. SQUIR: Squire Regular Font. SNOLA: Sinaloa (Heavy & Unique). STOP: StopStopStop Font. TIMEL: Times Lefty, Left Italic Font. TEJ: TeJaratchiCaps, Metallic Type Font. TVDNG: Dingbats Of Cable TV Logos. TROND: TrondHeim Font. W374: TFANY: Tiffany Font, 6 Styles. UNIVR: University Normal, Italic, Light. UPTIT: UPtight Regular Font. UNVST: University Roman Font. W375: UECHI: Uechi Font. VIKNG: Viking Normal Font. WOOD: Wooden Plank Font. WILL: Will Harris, Like Venetian Blinds. WEST: West End Regular. WRMBY: Wharmby (front Shadowed Caps). WDGIE: Wedge (Raised Open Face Caps). W376: WINDS: Windsor Demi.Fog Font. ZAPFC: Zapfchancery Font. ZFDNG: Zapf Dingbats Font.

PATIENCE IS SOMETHING YOU ADMIRE GREATLY IN THE DRIVER BEHIND YOU BUT NOT IN THE ONE AHEAD OF YOU. - anon

MANY WISH FOR IMMORTALITY WHO CAN FIND NOTHING TO DO ON A RAINY SATURDAY AFTERNOON. - anon

MOST PEOPLE ARE LIBERAL ON ISSUES THAT DON'T TOUCH THEM, AND CONSERVATIVE ON THOSE THAT DO. - Robert Wuhl

MANY A FALSE STEP IS TAKEN BY STANDING STILL. - Arnold Glasow

"I MUST DO SOMETHING" WILL ALWAYS SOLVE MORE PROBLEMS THAN "SOMETHING MUST BE DONE." - anon

ANYTHING THAT WON'T SELL, I DON'T WANT TO INVENT. ITS SALE IS PROOF OF UTILITY, AND UTILITY IS SUCCESS. - Thomas Edison

EVERYTHING SHOULD BE MADE AS SIMPLE AS POSSIBLE, BUT NOT SIMPLER. - Albert Einstein

HE WHO HAS IMAGINATION WITHOUT LEARNING HAS WINGS BUT NO FEET. - Mark Levy